Lakhdar Brahimi states that "the end of fighting does propose an opportunity to work towards lasting peace, but that requires the establishment of sustainable institutions, capable of ensuring long-term security." Prolonged conflict can lead to terrible human loss and physical devastation it can also lead to the breakdown of the systems and institutions that make a stable society work, and these are the very systems that need to be revived. In post-conflict areas, there is an absence of war, but not essentially real peace. Such situations remain tense for years or decades and can easily relapse into large-scale violence”. On the other hand, post-conflict is a “conflict situation in which open warfare has come to an end. The conflicts in the Sudan, Burundi, and Rwanda are, in large measure, the result of historical discrepancies between the ethnic or tribal components of the population.As of November 2011, the number of counties listed as being involved in an on-going conflict stands at 56. Their origins, often multifaceted, range from ethnic and economic inequalities, social exclusion of sectors of the population, social injustice, competition for scarce resources, poverty, lack of democracy, ideological issues to religious differences (Nigeria and Sudan), and political tensions. Some conflicts are country-wide (Rwanda), and others are localized in specific parts of a country (Sudan).
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